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--- geopro:raian:bibliografia:non_tob_geog_space [2009/10/09 18:58] – raian
+++ geopro:raian:bibliografia:non_tob_geog_space [2009/12/01 22:08] (atual) – raian
@@ Linha 2: / Linha 2: @@
 ====== Non-Toblerian Geographical Spaces ======
-|Câmara, G, Aguiar, A. P, Carneiro, T., Costa, S. S., Andrade-Neto, P., Monteiro, A. M. V., Amaral, S.| Non-Toblerian Geographical Spaces|Submetido - Comunicação Interna |
+|Câmara, G, Aguiar, A. P, Carneiro, T., Costa, S. S., Andrade-Neto, P., Monteiro, A. M. V., Amaral, S.| Submetido - Comunicação Interna |
 \\
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     - The notion of proximity provides a practical application of the Tobler's principle ("the first law of geography: everithing is related to everithing else, but near things are more related than distant things").\\
     - **Problem:** In the common-sense, the notion of proximity is related to pont-set topological predicates and isotropic distances in euclidian space, but many spaces can't be soved using this notion. Many human-built process have a strong tendency towards anisotropy, and we need to represent such spaces if we are to capture relations that consider how today's global economic forces influence local actions. \\
-    -
+    - **Proposal:** GIS should adopt a flexible notion of proximity for spaces where anisotropic and action-at-a-distance relations are relevant. Such spaces are called "non-Toblerian". In these spaces, the proximity is not measured by topological relations or euclidian distances, but is a singular property of each spatial object from that space. For each spatial object, we need to find out the proximity relations to other objects in the same space. Tobler's "first law o geography" continues to be valid in these spaces.\\
+    - Why many human-built spaces are non-Toblerian?\\
+      * In many cases, action-at-a-distance relations define how humans occupy space, e. g., when people move into a region, they create and use new access routes, and new roads attract new occupants to it's surroundings. In this process, the resulting patterns are not isotropic, but follow preferencial paths set by the transport network.\\
+      * When changes in geographical space depend on networks and routes, we have a non-Toblerian space as result. But how non-Toblerian geographical spaces emerge? The //social network theory// can explain.\\
+      * The //social network theory// deals with analysing the interplays between individual and groups, and actors at different levels of analysis, and the regularities and patterns of such interactions shape these networks. \\
+      * The analysis of empirical data for issues such as collaboration networks, disease spreading, and innovation diffusion is an important part of this theory.\\
+      * Recent works have stressed the need to build a spatial expression of networks.\\
+      * But how social networks emerge? Most of them have prefferencial attachment, i. e., is more probable that new human settlements will appear close to a route than in other places where exist nothing, and new settlements induce to building new routes, which create conditions for new settlements, and so on. This show that networks have a structural effect in how geographical space is occupied, having cascade effect on shaping the spatial patterns. These preferential attachment cause a strong dependence between the elements presents in the space, and it's extreme form leads to a scale-free network described by an exponential distribution. Even in less extreme cases, it leads to relations strongly anisotropic, thus needing new methods to calculating proximity. In the most general case, all individual spatial relations need to be calculated separetely.\\
+      * GPM -> a method for general expression of proximity in non-Toblerian spaces.
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