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Introduction
The human being has always changed its environment. Changes result from complex social and economic iterations among its actors, which can vary across time and space, and exhibit “nonlinear dynamics with thresholds, reciprocal feedback loops, time lags, resilience, heterogeneity, and surprises” (LIU et al., 2007). Modelling these complex phenomena helps understanding its causes, how the complexity of the system emerges endogenously, and (hopefully) predicting future consequences of exogenous decisions such as external demands or even public policies.
With the increase of technologies for acquiring and manipulating geospatial data, there is an increasing availability of spatial data at the individual level allows creating models with a high level of disaggregation. As the data is disaggregated, It can eliminate the modifiable areal unit problem by creating objects that operate in the lowest level of analysis. [Sengupta & Sieber]. Methodologies for acquisition of data, see [Robinson et al] for a survey in the area of LUC, which can be extended for other areas.
Heterogeneity.
agent-based modelling cannot be implemented within a GIS environment. lots of toolkits originally implemented for supporting ABM have been extended for supporting work with geospatial data, but it basically loads spatial data.
B&T shows that there are four relationships.